Tumenye byinshi kuri ‘Panafricanism’: Yatangiye ite?, Yahuye n’izihe mbogamizi, Igeze he?

Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier Umwalimu muri PIASS

Panafricanism ni ingengabitekerezo ishakisha kubaka ubumwe bw’ibihugu bya Afurika, igatuma Afurika itera imbere, ikubahwa, ikihaza mu bukungu, ikubahiriza amategeko; bigatuma igera ku bwigenge nyakuri binyuze mu muco wo gufatanya no gushyira hamwe.

Iyi ngengabitekerezo yatangiye kuvugwa mu kinyenjana cya 19 ubwo hatekerezwaga uko ubucakara bubabaje kandi buteye isoni bwakorerwaga abirabura bwacika kandi bukahagarikwa burundu, Abanyafrika bagahabwa agaciro, bagafatwa kimwe nk’ibindi biremwamuntu.

Nyuma hateguwe inama nyinshi zitandukanye kugeza ubwo Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) wabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Ghana yayoboye iyo nkubiri yo kwibohora no kwihesha agaciro kwa Afurika, ageza nubwo asaba ko havuka Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afrika (OAU).

Mu mwaka wa 1956, Kwame Nkrumah yanditse igitabo yise “Africa must unite” [Afurika igomba kwishyira hamwe] gikubiyemo ingengabitekerezo ya panafricanism. Mu mwaka wa 1965 yifuje gushyiraho leta y’ubumwe bwa Afurika yigenga ariko ntibyamuhira.

Intsinzi ya panafricanism yagaragaye cyane mu gihe ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika byashyigikiranye kugira ngo bibone ubwigenge bibasha kwigobotora ingoyi y’ubukoloni ahagana mu mwaka wi 1960.

Mu mwaka wi 1963 i Addis-Abeba nibwo Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika washinzwe wiga politiki n’amategeko yagombaga kugenga ubumwe bwa Afurika hubahirijwe imipaka ya buri gihugu, ariko byaje kugaragarira buri wese ko biruhuje cyane kugira ngo ibihugu bya Afurika bikorere hamwe maze bibashe kwiteza imbere. Twashima Presida Julius Nyerere (1922-1999) warenze ikibazo cy’imipaka ashobora kunga igihugu cya Tanganyika na Zanzibar ashinga Republika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya mu mwaka wi 1964. Yakundaga kuvuga ko Afurika idashobora kugira ejo heza hazaza nta bumwe ifite.

Panafricanism yaje kugira intege nkeya cyane kuko ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika bimaze kubona ubwingenge, byabundaraye cyane ku buso bwabyo n’imipaka abakolononi bashyizeho mu 1885. Buri guhugu gifata inzira yacyo n’amategeko yacyo. Afurika ikomeza kwicamo no gukomeza ibice bya buri gihugu.

Ibi byatumye havuka ibibazo by’umutekano mucye, intambara z’amoko, guhirika ubutegetsi, amaraso y’Abanyafrika akomeza kumeneka ari menshi, ubukene, inzara, indwara, gusahura umutungo, kwicamo ibice by’abavuga igifaransa n’icyongereza, kutavuga rumwe, kutagira ijwi rimwe kw’ibihugu bya Afarika ku bibazo bitandukanye, kurwanira mu nteko Inshinga Amategeko y’Ubumwe bwa Afurika, n’ibindi bibazo byinshi byibasira Umugabane wa Afurika kugeza uyu munsi.

Hakorwa n’iki? Umuti wahabwa abaturiye Afurika ni uwuhe? Ninde wawutanga?

Hari ibintu bibiri umunyafrika agomba gukora:                                                                                      1) Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo wemeye                                                                                                                   

Umunya-Tchad, Moussa Faki Mahamat uyobora wa Komisiyo y’Umuryango wa Afurika yunze Ubumwe kuva mu 2017, avuga ko niba Abanyafurika bashaka kubahwa bagombwa gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo biyemeje ndetse basinyiye, bakirinda ko bihera mu magambo gusa. Aha birasaba ko Abanyafurika biga kuvugisha no kubwizanya ukuri bagahindura imvugo ivuga ko mu muco wabo kubeshya wagira ngo barawuremanywe. Umuco w’ubunyangamugayo, uw’ubupfura, uwo kuvugisha ukuri ugomba kwigishwa kuko umuntu ntabwo awuvukana, arawutozwa, hanyuma akawugenderaho mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi.

2) Kwikuramo ubwoba bwo gukorera hamwe

Kuki Abanyafurika batinya gukorera hamwe? Kuki batumvikana? Kuki batagira imvugo imwe bahurizaho? Dr Donald Kaberuka wabaye Minisitiri w’Imari, akaba n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Banki itsura amajyambere yaAfurika, na we yemeza ko kwihuza kwa Afurika bitera ubwoba abantu bamwe, bagatinya guhomba no kutazabona imisoro kuri za gasutamo, bakongera kugira ubwoba bw’uko inganda zabo zitashobora guhangana n’izo mu bindi bihugu, kandi havanyweho inzitizi zituma ubuhahirane n’ubucuruzi butihuta, ubukungu bugahuzwa, byakongera amahirwe menshi yo guhanga imirimo bikanazamura ishoramari n’ubukungu mu bihugu bya Afurika.

Kuva rero ikinyenjana cya 21 cyatangira, Perezida Paul Kagame w’u Rwanda yagaragaje imbaraga mu gushyigikira ingengabitekerezo ya  panafricanism ahereye imbere mu Gihugu cye. Mu Rwanda Hagiyeho gahunda ya “ndi umunyarwanda” mu 2013, yifuzaga ko Umunyarwanda yagera ku rundi rwego rw’imyumvire akagera aho yishimira kwitwa Umunyafurika. Ni na yo mpamvu yahyize imbaraga nyinshi mu ishyirwaho ry’isoko rusange rya Afurika (AfCFTA/African Continental Free Trade Area), hashyizweho passport imwe ya Afurika, Leta y’u Rwanda yakuyeho kandi ikiguzi cya visa ku baturage b’Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe.

Perezida Kagame yateye inkunga ikomeye ikigega nyafurika kigamije gufasha abagore bafite ibigo by’ubucuruzi muri Afurika (AWLF, African Women’s Leadership Fund).

Perezida Paul Kagame wayoboye Umuryango wa Afurika yunze Ubumwe hagati w’umwaka wa 2018 na2019, akomeje kuvuga ko ibibazo byinshi by’umutekano mucye biterwa ahanini n’uko nta bufatanye buba buri hagati y’ibihugu byaAfurika.

Umuti w’ibyo bibazo by’umutekano mucye nta handi ushobora guturuka atari mu gukorera hamwe nk’Abanyafrika, bakishamo ibisubizo.

Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye yakomeje kandi gukoraho ni ugukemura n’ukwishakira ingengo y’imari iturutse mu bihugu bigize Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe aho gutegereza inkunga z’amahanga. Umwanzuro wo kwishakira ingengo y’imari wafatiwe mu nama y’Abakuru b’Ibihugu yabereye mu Rwanda mu mwaka 2018.

Icyo gihe abakuru b’ibihugu biyemeje ko igomba guturuka ku musoro wa 0.2% uzajya akatwa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga muri buri gihugu. Abakuru b’ibihugu bya Afrika basabye ko habaho gucunga no gukoresha neza umutungo w’uyu muryango cyane cyane ukoreshwa mu ma nama zawo n’abantu bazitabira. Ntabwo Abanyafrika bagomba guha urwaho uwo ari we wese ubatesha agaciro kuko bafite ubushobozi bwose bwo kwikemurira ibibazo.

Ntabwo aba-panafricanists bagomba gucika intege cyangwa se batakaze icyizere, bagomba gukomeza urugamba, bagakomeza kugenda, batera intambwe imbere, ntibagire ubwoba bwo kunyura mu nzira ntoya ariko zibageza mu muhanda munini wa panafricanism.

Panafricanism yigishwe mu byiciro byose by’amashuri mato, amakuru no muri za kaminuza kugira ngo imyumvire y’Abanyafurika ibe yahinduka. Mu Rwanda turashima Musoni Protais wakanguye kandi yumvikanisha ingengabitekerezo ya panafricanism guhera mu 2015.

Ibindi wasoma

1. Kwame Nkrumah, Africa must unite, London, Heinemann, 1963. 
2. Francophonie, Le mouvement panafricaniste au XXe siècle <https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/le_mouvement_panafricaniste.pdf>, March 2022. 
3. Yacouba Zerbo, La problématique de l’unité africaine (1958-1963) in Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 2003/4 (n° 212), pages 113 à 127.

Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier